TIGblogs TIG | TIGblogs GROUP TIGBLOGS LOGIN SIGNUP
Mouhamed lemine Kettab - My Blog
Mouhamed lemine Kettab - My Blog
Recherche de l’excellence dans la qualité de l’éducation en Mauritanie
Related to country: Macau

Translations available in: French (original) | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | English | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Search for L? excellence in the quality of L? education in Mauritania
Automatically translated into English thanks to WorldLingo
1-definition of the concept of L? excellence

has L? excellence in general
B L? excellence in education

2 - Review of the education system Mauritanian

a- historical evolution
b- emergence D? a mode D? bivalent teaching
c- a traditional component
d- a modern component

3-Policy D? do corrective adjustment of system

A Reform successive
B Weaknesses and crippling gaps

4-Catch of conscience of the need for L? does qualitative improvement of the system

have external factors déclanchant
B Means put in? uvre
C elaborate Strategy and objectifies continued
D Difference between declared ambitions and performances carried out

Conclusion

1 - Definition of the concept of L? excellence

has L? excellence in general

L? one can, in a general way, to define L? excellence as being a situation characterized by a high degree of rationality, D? operationnality, of perfection and relevance, a highly satisfactory situation parce qu? ensuring a maximum capacity to answer fully to definite needs and D? to reach in an integral way of the beforehand laid down objectives.

B In the field of L? education

S? acting of L? excellence as regards quality of L? does education, it consist of the capacity proven to carry out L? does adequacy enter the nature of L? teaching exempted and requirements of the socio-economic, cultural, scientific development and technological D? a given company.
For is an edifying evaluation of the education system Mauritanian, it appropriate to consider its evolution and L? articulation of its various components to form a coherent whole meeting the specific needs for the company Mauritanian during successive phases of her historical course; and this in the light of the requirements of L? excellence such as us L? defined higher.

2- Review of the education system Mauritanian

has Historical evolution

L? advent of L? Islam in Mauritania dice the 8th century, and were the birth on its shores at the 11th Century of the movement politico-monk of Al moravides with L? origin D? an Arabo-Islamic teaching exempted in of Medersas or “will mahdaras” as one calls them in Mauritania. These educational institutions particularly adapted to the wandering way of life, ensured of the formations which varied primary education level at the higher level.

L? teaching which was exempted related primarily to theology, sciences of the Arab language, philosophy, L? astronomy, medicine, mathematics?.
These Mahderas which was jusqu? with L? advent of French colonization at the beginning du20 eme
Century, the only educational institutions existing in the country, allowed a remarkable cultural rise in Mauritania; what made that this country radiated both towards the Maghreb and towards L? space Soudano sahélien centuries during.

In spite of the particularly hostile colonial policy to this education system and the culture which results, it some was possible to count in Mauritania, in 1995, more than 300 libraries including/understanding 40.000 manuscripts. L? one in addition could count 9000 Arab manuscripts in Mali, 3600 in Niger and a considerable number in Senegal.

As for the number of Maderas which had been able to allow such a harvest, and which was maintained in Mauritania jusqu? on this date in spite of the colonial policy of sap, it is 1524 units; they gathered jusqu? then: 72.799 pupils including 24.910 of the higher level.
This education system and formations qu? it ensured in the fields religious, legal, literary, scientific and practical were in adequacy with the needs for the company Mauritanian, met her needs and satisfied its aspirations.
But with its advent, L? colonial administration S? is employed without disabling to disaggregate this secular system and to plaster the culture of which it is the support in order to substitute the mode D to him? French-speaking teaching.





b- Emergence in Mauritania D? a mode D? bivalent teaching

During the first decades of its presence in Mauritania, which lasted one half-century, L? Did French colonial administration tolerate the institutions autochtones D? did teaching and allow L? use of L? Arab for the drafting of the legal, civil and administrative documents referring to the everyday life populations.

But since 1915, the colonizer started to substitute as far as possible, the French-speaking rural schools with will mahderas local. Did these schools have the immediate role to train the clerks, the auxiliaries and the various agents necessary to the operation of L? colonial administration and for remote objectives to support L? cultural assimilation of the indigenous populations; with proof the decision taken by the colonial authorities in 1924 D? to prohibit L? use of the Arab language in the French schools established in Mauritania. However, in spite of L? obligation made with the populations D? to send their children to the colonial schools and in spite of insidious measurements aiming at blocking L? will action of mahderas, those N? in had not less continued to have the preference of the populations.

Will this forced juxtaposition of the colonial schools and of mahderas autochtones, was with L? origin of L? subsequent apparution in Mauritania D? a bivalent education system comprising a traditional or original teaching which is the continuation of L? education mahderist précoloniale and a French-speaking teaching of which the structure and the contents were definite dice 1945 and imposed D? authority in Mauritania thus D? elsewhere qu? with the other countries of L? French Western Africa.

B A traditional component

It S? acts of L? nonformal aspect and not diplôment of L? national teaching which is delivered on the level of Mahderas sometimes in a parallel and concomitant way with L? formal education.
The traditional system D? is teaching, because of its proximity of the populations, its facility D? access, of its moderate and its religious dimension, gravitational cost with the disinherited social layers, wedged and excluded from the school chart.
Clerical, literary formation and legal qu? this teaching N offers? has in fact that very few outlets on the market of L? employment. What leaves a significant side of youth well-read woman to the margin of the active life.
To rectify this situation and to prevent the consequences which can result from this, the national authorities, have creates schools D? training of trades and the institutes technicho-professionals with L? intention of outgoing of Mahderas to rehabilitate them professionally and to support, by doing this, their insertion at the market of L? employment.
Does this policy aim at eliminating the partition which separates L? nonformal teaching and L? does modern teaching and to create a dynamics of convergence enter the two modes D? teaching in progress in the country.

d- Modern component

It S? acts of the model D? teaching inherited the colonial period and which was conceived according to the requirements of the policy colonial and intended to consolidate L? influence economic, political, social and cultural of France on Mauritania.

3 Corrective adjustments of the system

This type D? teaching extraverti, imposed L? outside and which N? does not integrate specificities, sociocultural populations Mauritanians, was blamed dice L? national independence; D? where a series of educational reforms aiming adapting and with contextualiser the national education system and at reconciling it with the distinctive civilisationnelles characteristics of the people Mauritanian.

has Do rectifying reforms

reform Them successive initiated in 1967, 1973 and 1979 and which aimed in theory at decompartmentalizing, in Mauritaniser and to restructure the education system Mauritanian for L? to harmonize always more with did the requirements of the national life, sin by L? improvisation, lack of rationality and L? absence of professionalism and were especially inspired more by political motivations by teaching considerations.

B Crippling weaknesses and gaps


These reforms with L? carries parts led to a too voluntarist Arabisation for the success of which necessary minimal conditions N? were not joined together; insofar as qualified the Arabisants teachers were missing, didactic and teaching material necessary N? was not available in sufficient quantity; more L? experiment, the professional capacities and the knowledge to make were ridumentaires.

Did this situation lead to a proven regression of L? does training of the foreign languages, with one move back real of L? teaching of the disciplines scientific and technical and leaving to a fall general the school level in the country. It in addition was used as catalyst with an outburst of political contradictions and cultural tensions socio which failed to put at evil the cohesion and the stability of the country.

4- Awakening of the need for L? qualitative improvement of the system

has Starting factors external


pressing need felt with an increasing acuity by the African countries on the same basis D? elsewhere what the other Third World countries, to fight against poverty and the underdevelopment by optimizing the development of all their potentialities, gave birth to gradually the conscience with the level from these countries, of L? extreme importance of the valorization of human resources like factor impossible to circumvent of development socio economic, cultural, scientific and technological.
C? is within this framework that are located the declaration of Jomtien in 1990 on L? education for all, the program of Harare for the decade of L? education in Africa (1997-2006), the framework D? action of Dakar in 2000 and the biennial successive ones of L? Association for the development of L? education in Africa (ADEA).

To be in harmony with this international and Panafrican approach concerning generalization and L? improvement of the quality of L? did education, Mauritania initiate in 1999 a new reform of the national education system which proposes D? to improve quality of L? national education through the setting in? uvre D? a holistic approach called the national programme of development of the educational sector (PNDSE) which covers the period 2001-2010.Ce decennial program launched in 2000 was elaborate according to a participative approach, total, multi sectoral and multi partnership.





b- Means put in? uvre for the realization of PNDSE

having made a success of the program D? was adjustment structural recommended by the institutions of Breton Wood, Mauritania declared in eligible Mars 1999 with L? initiative for the heavily in debt countries (PPTE), it has of this fact profited D? a lightening of its foreign debt. Financial means thus released could in party be disponobilisés in favour of the sector of L? education whose quantitative and qualitative development is in conformity with the international objectives of development of the millenium; insofar as it allows D? to optimize the human capital and to contribute to L? lightening of the poverty of the disinherited populations.

Financial means allocated with L? education, with L? did instigation and under the supervision of the partners to the development of Mauritania, allow significant matter D projections? increase in the rough rate of schooling, schooling of the girls, D? increase D? teachers, of teaching structures and textbooks.
Thus the rough rate of schooling in L? fundamental teaching passed from 53% in 1991-92 to 86% in 1997-99. During the same period the number D? schools passed from 1309 to 2676, that of the classrooms from 3967 to 7366. The rate of schooling of the girls passed, him, from 43% to 48%.

c- Do elaborate strategy and aims in view

reform It educational setting in? uvre in 1999 aims to mitigate the weaknesses and the deficiencies inherent in the various preceding reforms. The modifications which were introduced there tend to S? to register in a policy D? improvement of the quality of L? education through in particular:
? L? unification of the system by the removal of the linguistic dies create by the reform of 1979.
? Prolongation of the duration of L? teaching of the first cycle from three to four years.
? Reinforcement of L? teaching of sciences and L? introduction of physics and L? data processing in the first cycle of the secondary.
? Reinforcement of L? foreign language teaching.

The national plan of the development of the educational sector (PNDSE) which supplements and consolidates the reform of 1999 and which answers a challenge of size taking into consideration aim in view by Mauritania over the period 2001-2010, has as an ambition of:
? To improve L? offer educational and to support the retention in the system.
? To reinforce the quality of L? teaching and of L? training.
? To optimize the stock management.
? To reabsorb the disparities between: kinds, areas and zones.
? To ensure L? does adequacy enter the formation, the aspirations of the individuals and the needs for the company and L? economy.
? To improve L? L offers? education by the installation D? an adapted school chart, the reorganization of L? university and the disponibilisation D? a suitable technical formation.
? To reinforce the quality of L? teaching by the restoration of the programs, the professionalisation of the initial and continuous trainings like by L? administrative and teaching framing.
? To reinforce the schooling of the girls.
? To generalize the schools which offer the complete cycle D? here 2010.
? To build 530 classrooms per annum.
? To increase teaching manpower D? approximately 650 per annum so as to be able to currently reduce the raise-teacher ratio of 48 to 40 in L? horizon 2010.
? To support L? expansion of L? teaching deprived for qu? it is with same D? to accomodate 30.000 pupils.
? To renovate the school syllabus continuously.
? To promote a policy appropriate of textbooks having for objective the setting to provision of handbooks in the school establishments.
? To liberalize L? edition and distribution of textbooks.
? To put in? uvre a rational policy of recruitment of the teachers to answer the requirements of reforms.
? To support the accelerated training of the potentially bilingual teachers.
? To set up an inciting policy for D? to increase the presence of the girls in the secondary and higher establishments.
? To take care of the safeguarding of school health through the development of L? hygiene and of the nutrition within the school establishments?

Are such summarily enumerated the principal axes which constitute L? are framework of the PNDSE and such the objectives which are assigned to him and which converge all worms the realization D? a fundamental ambition with knowing generalization D? an education of quality to the profit of the children Mauritanians scolarisables.
For as much, L? excellence in the quality of L? education delivered on the level of all the kinds of L? is teaching in Mauritania, reached?

d- Variation enters the declared ambitions and the performances carried out

In spite of the made efforts and in spite of significant progress that the setting in? uvre of the reform of 1999 and the national plan of development of the educational sector allowed D? to record, L? excellence in the quality of L? education still remains to be reached in Mauritania.

Indeed does the education system Mauritanian still suffer from many gaps and deficiencies which L? still prevent from claiming to L? matter D excellence? education. Is this D? as much truer than: L? does internal effectiveness of this system leave something to be desired because in particular owing to the fact that the rate of retention on the level of the fundamental one hardly exceeds 55% in zones urban then qu? at the rural zones it reaches hardly 43%.

Moreover is the control of the programs, it, on average to 30% for L? together do evaluated disciplines and correlatively only 34% of the four year old pupils of fundamental have handbooks of first language, and 25% D? between them only have the handbooks of mathematics.
The weakness of the formation initial within the teacher training schools of the teachers, their absence of motivation and the fact that only 60% D? between them have required didactic supports negatively affect their performance and the quality of their services.

Conclusion

En conclusion, l?on peut dire que si l?excellence dans la qualité de l?enseignement se mesure à l?aune de l?efficacité interne du système éducatif et s?apprécie en fonction du degré d?adéquation de l?apprentissage offert et de la formation dispensée d?une part et des besoins du marché de l?emploi et des impératifs du développement économique et socio culturel d?autre part, alors le système éducatif Mauritanien, nonobstant les pas appréciables déjà franchis, n?a pas au demeurant, atteint l?excellence en matière d?éducation et manifestement il a encore un bon bout de chemin à parcourir avant de l?atteindre.Il a néanmoins franchi le premier pas en cette direction or ,comme on dit, ce n?est que le premier pas qui coûte !
Et le système éducatif Mauritanien a franchi ce pas.


Nouakchott le 29 Novembre 2006.

Pr. Mouhamed Lemine Ould EL KETTAB


Bibliographie


1- Une approche d?amélioration de la qualité de l?éducation en Mauritanie
Etude réalisée par le Ministère de l?éducation nationale de la République Islamique de Mauritanie.
L?Harmattan (ADEA 2005)
2- Enseignement traditionnel en Mauritanie
La Mahdara ou l?école « à dos de chameau »
El Ghassem Ould Ahmedou
L?Harmattan 1997
3- Facettes de la réalité Mauritanienne
Mouhamede Lemine Ould EL KETTAB
L?Harmattan 2006.
4- Rapport de synthèse de la journée de réflexion sur l?excellence en Education en Mau